It was the week that shook the financial world to the core. On Friday, Sept. 12, traders left the New York Stock Exchange for the weekend. But key banking officials, facing the impending failure of the venerable Lehman Brothers investment house and a shaky outlook for two other huge financial players - investment firm Merrill Lynch and insurance giant American International Group - began a series of weekend meetings in an effort to prevent a possible collapse of the global financial system.
Over the next seven days, the nation's financial leaders, captained by Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson and Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke, produced a rapid succession of moves that reversed a decades-long trend toward financial deregulation and fundamentally changed the face of the American financial system.
Lehman failed and Merrill was sold to Bank of America. The government took effective control of AIG in an $85 billion bailout. And, in the biggest intervention of all, officials proposed to purchase the troubled mortgage assets of financial firms, a move that could cost hundreds of billions of additional dollars.
Meanwhile, worried investors sent the stock markets into a dizzying ride of huge gains and losses.
Over the next seven days, the nation's financial leaders, captained by Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson and Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke, produced a rapid succession of moves that reversed a decades-long trend toward financial deregulation and fundamentally changed the face of the American financial system.
Lehman failed and Merrill was sold to Bank of America. The government took effective control of AIG in an $85 billion bailout. And, in the biggest intervention of all, officials proposed to purchase the troubled mortgage assets of financial firms, a move that could cost hundreds of billions of additional dollars.
Meanwhile, worried investors sent the stock markets into a dizzying ride of huge gains and losses.
Friday, September 12:
The trading week ends with the fate of 158-year-old Lehman Brothers in grave doubt. Its stock had fallen sharply due to fears over its financial condition. Paulson, Bernanke, and New York Fed President Tim Geithner begin a series of meetings in Lower Manhattan with top bankers in an effort to engineer a bailout of Lehman, which had bet heavily in the subprime mortgage market.
Two possible buyers emerge: Britain's Barclays and Bank of America.
The trading week ends with the fate of 158-year-old Lehman Brothers in grave doubt. Its stock had fallen sharply due to fears over its financial condition. Paulson, Bernanke, and New York Fed President Tim Geithner begin a series of meetings in Lower Manhattan with top bankers in an effort to engineer a bailout of Lehman, which had bet heavily in the subprime mortgage market.
Two possible buyers emerge: Britain's Barclays and Bank of America.
Saturday, September 13:
Talks on a possible Lehman buyout continue. The would-be rescuers look to the government to take on some of the risk, as it did in the shotgun sale of Bear Stearns to JPMorgan Chas in March and the effective nationalisation on Sept. 8 of mortgage giants Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
Government officials hold fast that there will be no federal bailout. Talks are inconclusive.
Talks on a possible Lehman buyout continue. The would-be rescuers look to the government to take on some of the risk, as it did in the shotgun sale of Bear Stearns to JPMorgan Chas in March and the effective nationalisation on Sept. 8 of mortgage giants Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.
Government officials hold fast that there will be no federal bailout. Talks are inconclusive.
Sunday, September 14:
The negotiators continue meeting, facing a deadline to act before Asian markets open for Monday morning trading.
But government officials insist there will be no federal backing of a Lehman rescue. With no help from Washington forthcoming, Barclays - the only possibility left after Bank of America leaves the table - withdraws.
Lehman is done for.
Meanwhile, Merrill Lynch CEO John Thain, seeing the writing on the wall, arranges the sale of his company to Bank of America for about $50 billion. In one day, the fates of two storied companies are sealed.
The negotiators continue meeting, facing a deadline to act before Asian markets open for Monday morning trading.
But government officials insist there will be no federal backing of a Lehman rescue. With no help from Washington forthcoming, Barclays - the only possibility left after Bank of America leaves the table - withdraws.
Lehman is done for.
Meanwhile, Merrill Lynch CEO John Thain, seeing the writing on the wall, arranges the sale of his company to Bank of America for about $50 billion. In one day, the fates of two storied companies are sealed.
Monday, September 15:
Lehman Brothers Holdings, the bank's holding company, files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and says it will try to sell key business units.
Investor concern now turns to the fate of AIG, fearing a liquidity crisis. Rating agencies cut AIG's credit rating.
Despite reassurances about the economy from Paulson and President George W. Bush, the stock market plummets. The Dow Jones industrial average drops more than 504 points, or 4.4 per cent, the biggest loss since right after the September 11, 2001, terror attacks.
The failure also roils overseas stocks, sending them plunging. Meanwhile, concerns about a slowing economy take oil below the psychological benchmark of $100 a barrel, its lowest level since February.
Lehman Brothers Holdings, the bank's holding company, files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and says it will try to sell key business units.
Investor concern now turns to the fate of AIG, fearing a liquidity crisis. Rating agencies cut AIG's credit rating.
Despite reassurances about the economy from Paulson and President George W. Bush, the stock market plummets. The Dow Jones industrial average drops more than 504 points, or 4.4 per cent, the biggest loss since right after the September 11, 2001, terror attacks.
The failure also roils overseas stocks, sending them plunging. Meanwhile, concerns about a slowing economy take oil below the psychological benchmark of $100 a barrel, its lowest level since February.
Tuesday, September 16:
The Federal Reserve meets and keeps the federal funds rate unchanged at 2%. Asian markets, some of which had been closed for a holiday on Monday, plummet.
The Russian stock market goes into a tailspin, with the largest exchange down more than 17 per cent before the Russian government halts trading. Managers of the Primary Fund, a supposedly supersafe money market fund, say that shares have fallen below the sacrosanct $1 valuation.
Meanwhile, Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley, the two remaining independent investment banks, report stronger-than-expected results. However, investors continue to beat down the companies' shares.
Amid all the turbulence, US officials decide that AIG is indeed "too big to fail." In a move that would have been unthinkable before the credit crisis began, the Fed arranges to lend $85 billion to AIG in exchange for a 79.9 per cent equity stake.
The deal is announced Tuesday evening. Even before the deal is finalised, the Dow reverses an earlier loss and gains 141 points.
The Federal Reserve meets and keeps the federal funds rate unchanged at 2%. Asian markets, some of which had been closed for a holiday on Monday, plummet.
The Russian stock market goes into a tailspin, with the largest exchange down more than 17 per cent before the Russian government halts trading. Managers of the Primary Fund, a supposedly supersafe money market fund, say that shares have fallen below the sacrosanct $1 valuation.
Meanwhile, Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley, the two remaining independent investment banks, report stronger-than-expected results. However, investors continue to beat down the companies' shares.
Amid all the turbulence, US officials decide that AIG is indeed "too big to fail." In a move that would have been unthinkable before the credit crisis began, the Fed arranges to lend $85 billion to AIG in exchange for a 79.9 per cent equity stake.
The deal is announced Tuesday evening. Even before the deal is finalised, the Dow reverses an earlier loss and gains 141 points.
Wednesday, September 17:
The government bailout of AIG fails to stem investor fears as they flee to safety. Credit markets tighten.
The New York Times reports that Washington Mutual, the nation's largest thrift, has put itself up for sale. The Dow plunges 449 points.
The government bailout of AIG fails to stem investor fears as they flee to safety. Credit markets tighten.
The New York Times reports that Washington Mutual, the nation's largest thrift, has put itself up for sale. The Dow plunges 449 points.
Thursday, September 18:
The New York Times reports that Morgan Stanley has "stepped up" merger talks with Wachovia. The Fed moves to pump money into the financial system through lending programs operated by several overseas central banks and the Fed's own moves.
At the same time, the government begins action on the hugest bailout of all, committing hundreds of billions of taxpayer dollars to buy troubled mortgage assets from beleaguered financial institutions.
As word of the evolving plan spreads, stocks rally. The Dow closes up 410 points.
In the evening, Paulson and Bernanke and Securities & Exchange Commission Chairman Christopher Cox go to the US Capitol to brief lawmakers on the plan, which requires congressional authorisation.
The New York Times reports that Morgan Stanley has "stepped up" merger talks with Wachovia. The Fed moves to pump money into the financial system through lending programs operated by several overseas central banks and the Fed's own moves.
At the same time, the government begins action on the hugest bailout of all, committing hundreds of billions of taxpayer dollars to buy troubled mortgage assets from beleaguered financial institutions.
As word of the evolving plan spreads, stocks rally. The Dow closes up 410 points.
In the evening, Paulson and Bernanke and Securities & Exchange Commission Chairman Christopher Cox go to the US Capitol to brief lawmakers on the plan, which requires congressional authorisation.
Friday, September 19:
The buyout plan - with few firm details - is announced and stocks soar worldwide. President Bush says the move puts "a significant amount of taxpayer dollars on the line," but he says the risk of not acting "would be far higher."
In additional actions, the Treasury and Fed act to guarantee the assets of money-market funds, which had been threatened by the meltdown of the financial markets, and the SEC places a temporary ban on the short-selling of nearly 799 financial stocks.
The Dow closes up 368.75 points, 45 points below where it was a week earlier but still 911 points over its bottom on Thursday morning.
The buyout plan - with few firm details - is announced and stocks soar worldwide. President Bush says the move puts "a significant amount of taxpayer dollars on the line," but he says the risk of not acting "would be far higher."
In additional actions, the Treasury and Fed act to guarantee the assets of money-market funds, which had been threatened by the meltdown of the financial markets, and the SEC places a temporary ban on the short-selling of nearly 799 financial stocks.
The Dow closes up 368.75 points, 45 points below where it was a week earlier but still 911 points over its bottom on Thursday morning.
A momentous week indeed, but there is no sign the economic drama will limit itself to a mere seven days.
Lawmakers and regulators are to work through this weekend in an effort to devise bailout plan legislation that can come to a vote next week.
The bipartisan consensus surrounding the deal can come undone as the details are ironed out.
But for drama, it will be hard to match events that have reshaped the US financial landscape for years, if not decades to come.
Lawmakers and regulators are to work through this weekend in an effort to devise bailout plan legislation that can come to a vote next week.
The bipartisan consensus surrounding the deal can come undone as the details are ironed out.
But for drama, it will be hard to match events that have reshaped the US financial landscape for years, if not decades to come.
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